WITH its
slightly increasing population—a trend observed in the last five years
in Mindoro—environment officials believe there is a bright future for
the endangered Philippine tamaraw.
Despite the threats, they believe that
conservation effort at the Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park (MIBNP) for
the Mindoro’s wild beast, also known as the Mindoro dwarf buffalo (Bubalus mindorensis), continues to gain ground, hopeful the dream that they will once be seen roaming free in the wild will become a reality.
Endemic to Oriental and Occidental
Mindoro, an island in the Mimaropa region in southern Luzon, the tamaraw
is amongthe proposed national symbols. In fact, Presidential
Proclamation 273 of 2002 declares October of every year as a special
month for the Conservation and Protection of the Tamaraw in Mindoro.
The tamaraw is currently considered a
critically endangered species. Only a few hundreds remain of this unique
species, which could only be found in the hinterlands of Mindoro
Island.
Compared to the stocky or bigger native carabao (Bubalus bubalis carabanesis), the tamaraw bears V-shaped horns, has a shorter tail and a scraggly coat of chocolate to ebony fur.
It is wild and aggressive, unlike its
domesticated cousin, the “beast of burden” and Filipino farmers’ best
friend and most reliable farming companion.
A fully grown tamaraw stands about 4-feet
tall and weighs about 300 kilograms (kg), significantly lighter by 200
kg to 300 kg than the ordinary native carabao.
According to the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources-Biodiversity Management Bureau
(DENR-BMB), the remaining tamaraw population in Mindoro is concentrated
atop grassy slopes and forest patches of Mounts Iglit and Baco, and a
few other areas on Mounts Aruyan, Bongabong, Calavite and Halcon.
Increasing population
The country’s top biodiversity official
said the population of the tamaraw continues to increase over the past
five years, basing the conclusion on the result of an annual population
survey conducted in the MIBNP.
Director Theresa Mundita Lim of the
DENR-BMB said that, based on the annual count conducted in April 2011,
there are only 274 tamaraws left. This is the highest number since the
annual count started in 2000.
It was estimated that 10,000 of this rare
animal thrive on the island of Mindoro in the early 1900s. Because of
the cattle-killing rinderpest disease, its population was drastically
reduced in the 1930s.
Its population continues to shrink owing
to logging and hunting until the 1970s, when the population fell below
100, prompting the government to launch the Tamaraw Conservation Program
(TCP).
Despite a failed captive-breeding program
that started in 1980s, the strong-protection measure that was used in
the protected area saw the population of the tamaraw slowly increasing.
In 2012 the number went up to 327; 347 in
2013; 382 in 2014; and 405 in 2015. Rodel Boyles, head of TCP and
Protected Area Superintendent (Pasu) of the MIBNP, said a total of 413
tamaraw was recorded this year.
This year the tamaraw count was conducted
between April 12 and April 19, with the DENR, through the Protected
Area Management Board (PAMB), taking the lead. PAMB acts as the
policy-making body in the management of the protected area, which is
being enforced by the Office of the Pasu.
Boyles said, the tamaraw count was
conducted in partnership with the Far Eastern University (FEU), local
government units (LGUs), and DENR partner and volunteer organizations.
A total of 65 volunteers took part in the
count from 18 vantage points within the MIBNP, counting herds from a
distance of 200 meters to 500 meters from identified tamaraw feeding
grounds.
“The trend is increasing in the last
five years. As far as counting is concerned, it was increasing. We
conducted the count for five days and we spent a day for data analysis,”
Boyles said.
He said the counting is synchronized in different areas.
“There are many calves, so that means the population is increasing because of breeding. But the size of our study is limited. We have to improve or expand our study areas,” he said, partly in Filipino.
Boyles said they intend to improve the system of counting the tamaraw to include other areas where the herds have been sighted.
Other areas, such as in Sablayan, which
is already outside the protected area, could be included in the annual
count, he said. “We are considering other areas, but we have to validate
the potential areas first.” So far, Boyles noted that the area being
observed as part of the annual tamaraw count is only about 14 percent of
the total area of the MIBNP.
“There are other areas where the tamaraw
thrives. This means that the population may actually be higher than the
number we are recording,” he said.
For her part, Lim said that, while the
slight increase in this year’s annual tamaraw count may not be
“impressive,” the growth in the population is, nevertheless, a
significant development.
“It is safe to say that the population remains healthy and it is actually increasing,” she said.
“In fact, outside Mounts Iglit-Baco
National Park in Mindoro, there are reported sightings of the tamaraw.
This means that the population is slightly increasing,” Lim told the
BusinessMirror.
She said in the future more areas should
be included in the annual count to make a more accurate assessment of
the tamaraw population trend.
Key biodiversity area
A protected area under the National
Integrated Protected Areas System (Nipas) Act, MIBNP became a national
park by virtue of Republic Act (RA) 6149 dated November 9, 1970.
A key biodiversity area, the entire MIBNP
is shared by the towns of Gloria, Bansud, Bongabong, Pinamalayan and
Mansalay in the province of Oriental Mindoro; and the towns of Sablayan,
Calintaan, Rizal and San Jose province in the province of Occidental
Mindoro.
While the park is named after two
prominent mountains—Mount Iglit (2,364 meters above sea level) and Mount
Baco (2,488 meters above sea level)—there are two other mountains
within the protected area, namely, Mount Wood (2,024 meters above sea
level) and Mount Sinclair (1,842 above sea level).
The park is blessed with abundant water with five major river systems and several minor systems draining from the various peaks.
Grassland is the most predominant land
cover of MIBNP, comprising around 72,811 hectares, or 38.25 percent, of
the total land area, ideal for feeding ground of tamaraw, and a
remaining forest area of about 29.83 percent of the park’s total land
area.
According to a biological profile of
MIBNP, 63 species of plants can be found in the area. The majority of
the species are orchids and begonias. Aside from the wild tamaraw, the
park is also home to monkeys, wild pigs, palm cat and Malay civet.
Nine species of fruits and insect bats
thrive in the park. A total of 104 species of birds also breed in the
park, including the Mindoro Imperial Pigeon, Mindoro Bleeding Heart,
Mindoro Scops Owl, Mindoro Flowerpecker, Mindoro Hornbill and the
Black-hooded coucal. A total of 11 species of snakes were also recorded;
14 species of lizards and nine species of amphibians.
Hunting practices
Two known Mangyan tribes—the Buhid and
Tau-Buhid, which are claiming vast portions of the park as their
ancestral domain—live within the MIBNP, which continues to face various
threats, such as logging, illegal-wildlife trade and hunting for food
and trophy.
Boyles said hunting in the MIBNP remains a
serious threat to the population of the tamaraw in the wild—a reason
dispersal in other areas is not happening.
“Hunting is part of the culture of the Mangyans. For them, hunting tamaraw is subsistence; it’s food,” he said.
While there are national laws that
protect the tamaraw, Boyles said there is also a law, specifically the
Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (Ipra), that guarantees the protection
and of the traditional way of life of the Mangyan.
Laws that protect the tamaraw against
hunting include Commonwealth Act 73, RA 1086, RA 7586 or the Nipas Act,
which establishes protected areas, and RA 9147, or the Wildlife
Resources Conservation and Protection Act.
For Mangyans, Boyles said they have
designated certain areas where hunting tamaraw is allowed. While he said
there are designated areas for traditional hunting, he also sees the
need for management intervention, such as restricting the hunt to fewer
and smaller areas.
He said the PAMB is eyeing to tighten the
regulation in hunting tamaraw which is exclusive for the Mangyan, it
being part of their tradition and way of life. According to Boyles, the
lowlanders’ unsustainable hunting methods are influencing the Mangyan.
He noted that Mangyan now use guns instead of spears, nylons instead of
vines for snare, and bigger traps. “Before, Mangyan use only spears in
hunting tamaraws. Now they use guns. For snare, they used to use vines
but now they use nylons,” he said.
Using vines for snare, he explained, does
not seriously injure a tamaraw, giving them a better chance of survival
if they are able to escape. Nylons injure the tamaraw when it struggles
to escape.
“If the tamaraw escapes from the snare, the chance of survival is low if it is injured,” he explained.
Being an endangered species, hunting of
tamaraw is prohibited under the law but since it is part of the Mangyan
tradition and way of life, “we are letting them to hunt but we want to
enforce stricter rules,” he said.
Boyles said regulating the use of other animal traps, such as steel cages and pits, is being eyed.
“We want them to make small steel cages
and smaller pits,” he said. Bigger cages or pits means catching more
than one tamaraw, including juveniles, he said.
Another concern is that the lowlanders
hunt in the MIBNP not just for food, but for trophies, and they target
not just tamaraws, but other wildlife, too.
Biodiversity conservation
According to Boyles, they continue to
engage the Mangyans living within and outside the protected area, with
the hope of getting their complete support.
“We continuously hold our information,
education and communication campaign. We want to show them that they
will be affected if the tamaraw is gone in Mindoro,” he said partly in
Filipino.
Besides moderating hunting practices, he
said they are eyeing to encourage the Mangyans to become forest
protectors in order to prevent the lowlanders from encroaching the
protected area to cut trees and hunt wildlife.
“Since they said Mounts Iglit-Baco is
their ancestral domain, we would like to encourage them to be part in
protecting the area against the lowlanders,” he said in Filipino.
According to Boyles, the DENR, through
the PAMB, is implementing livelihood programs, such as animal dispersal
of carabaos and small ruminants.
On the other hand, under the National
Greening Program, people in the communities are also provided with jobs
as partners of the massive reforestation activities, he added.
From its failed captive-breeding program
in the 1900s, the TCP moved forward to strengthening protection and
conservation in the wild to boost its population through natural
breeding within the 75,445-hectare protected area.
Lim said protecting the entire MIBNP is
protecting not only the tamaraw, but other endangered wildlife that
takes shelter in the vast forest.
She said the government is not alone in
its endeavor for the MIBNP, but to save the tamaraw, the DENR-BMB will
need all the help it can get, particularly from the LGUs and the people
in the communities.
Lim said the LGUs, which has a seat in
PAMB, must integrate development plans and programs in the MIBNP in the
development agenda of their respective localities.
Funding support for the protection of the
MIBNP, she said, will boost biodiversity conservation that will help
save the tamaraw against hunters.
Lim said the fact that tamaraw continues
to thrive within the MIBNP is proof that the ecosystem remains healthy
and must be protected against all threats.
A protected area, such as the MIBNP, she
said, is hosting a diverse species of flora and fauna, including those
classified as threatened and critically endangered like the tamaraw,
which LGUs should help sustainably manage together with the national
government.
Through the TCP, the DENR hopes to
educate the communities, not only to become the protectors of the
forest, but champions of the country’s rich biodiversity.